Why is ADA gene therapy not considered a permanent cure?

In the first ADA gene therapy trials (1990), the functional ADA gene was introduced into the patient's mature lymphocytes (T cells). These cells live for weeks to months, then die. So the treatment must be repeated periodically. For a permanent cure, the functional gene must be introduced into bone marrow stem cells (which continuously produce new blood cells). Early-phase stem cell gene therapy for ADA-SCID has since been developed and shows much longer-lasting results.

What is the difference between Bt toxin and conventional pesticides?

Bt toxin: Protein (biological molecule). Specific — targets only certain insect orders (Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera). Biodegradable. Less environmental persistence. Safe for humans, birds, most non-target organisms. Conventional pesticides: Chemical (synthetic). Broad-spectrum — kills many species including beneficial insects. Persistent in environment, bioaccumulate in food chains. Health risks for humans and wildlife. Bt crops eliminate need for chemical spraying, reducing farmer pesticide exposure and environmental contamination.

Applications in Medicine, Agriculture, and Diagnostics

Biotechnology and its Applications • Class 12 Biology • NCERT • CBSE

Insulin produced by rDNA technology using E. coli. Bt toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis used in Bt cotton/corn. Gene therapy corrects genetic defects. ELISA detects antigens/antibodies (used for HIV, pregnancy tests).

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is ADA gene therapy not considered a permanent cure?: In the first ADA gene therapy trials (1990), the functional ADA gene was introduced into the patient's mature lymphocytes (T cells). These cells live for weeks to months, then die. So the treatment must be repeated periodically. For a permanent cure, the functional gene must be introduced into bone marrow stem cells (which continuously produce new blood cells). Early-phase stem cell gene therapy for ADA-SCID has since been developed and shows much longer-lasting results.
What is the difference between Bt toxin and conventional pesticides?: Bt toxin: Protein (biological molecule). Specific — targets only certain insect orders (Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera). Biodegradable. Less environmental persistence. Safe for humans, birds, most non-target organisms. Conventional pesticides: Chemical (synthetic). Broad-spectrum — kills many species including beneficial insects. Persistent in environment, bioaccumulate in food chains. Health risks for humans and wildlife. Bt crops eliminate need for chemical spraying, reducing farmer pesticide exposure and environmental contamination.

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