What is the condition for SHM?

The restoring force (or acceleration) must be proportional to displacement from mean position and directed towards it: a = −ω²x.

Does mass affect the time period of a simple pendulum?

No. T = 2π√(l/g). The period depends only on the length and gravitational acceleration, not on mass.

What is the total energy in SHM?

E = ½kA² = constant. It equals ½mω²A². KE and PE interchange, but their sum remains constant.

Simple Harmonic Motion

Oscillations • Class 11 Physics • NCERT • CBSE

SHM: x = A sin(ωt + φ). Velocity v = Aω cos(ωt + φ). Acceleration a = −ω²x. Time period of spring T = 2π√(m/k). Time period of simple pendulum T = 2π√(l/g). Total energy E = ½kA² = constant.

Key Formulas

x = A sin(ωt + φ)
v = ω√(A² − x²)
a = −ω²x
T = 2π√(m/k) (spring)
T = 2π√(l/g) (pendulum)
E = ½kA² (total energy)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the condition for SHM?: The restoring force (or acceleration) must be proportional to displacement from mean position and directed towards it: a = −ω²x.
Does mass affect the time period of a simple pendulum?: No. T = 2π√(l/g). The period depends only on the length and gravitational acceleration, not on mass.
What is the total energy in SHM?: E = ½kA² = constant. It equals ½mω²A². KE and PE interchange, but their sum remains constant.

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